[280] Johann Kremer, an SS doctor who oversaw the gassings, testified that: "Shouting and screaming of the victims could be heard through the opening and it was clear that they fought for their lives. About 1 million Jews died at Auschwitz concentration camp, while more than 1.5 million were gassed at the Operation Reinhard extermination camps. [16], The term was popularised in the United States by the NBC mini-series Holocaust (1978) about a fictional family of German Jews,[17] and in November that year the President's Commission on the Holocaust was established. This week, a new report by the Jerusalem-based think tank Jewish People Policy Institute (JPPI). [94] The Germans sent Jews from all territories they had annexed (Austria, the Czech lands, and western Poland) to the central section of Poland, which was termed the General Government. After the United States entry into the war, it was banned from sending relief into German-occupied Europe, but continued to do so. [173] Although conditions varied widely between camps, Jewish forced laborers were typically treated worse than non-Jewish prisoners and suffered much higher mortality rates. Sometimes when the same question is asked in different modes, such as over the phone and online, there is a difference in results that is attributable to what survey methodologists call a mode effect. [m] Cesarani writes that the killing of Jews was at this point a "subset" of these activities. [112], Germany invaded Norway and Denmark on 9 April 1940, during Operation Weserbung. From among 1.3 million Auschwitz deportees, at least 1.1 million were murdered: 900 thousand Jews murdered in the gas chambers immediately on arrival at the camp; Of the 400 thousand prisoners registered in the camp, 200 thousand people died there. He viewed Marxism as a Jewish doctrine, said he was fighting against "Jewish Marxism", and believed that Jews had created communism as part of a conspiracy to destroy Germany. [362] The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that 3.3million of 5.7million Soviet POWs died in German custody. [143] German propaganda portrayed the conflict as an ideological war between German National Socialism and Jewish Bolshevism, and as a racial war between the Germans and the Jewish, Romani, and Slavic Untermenschen ("sub-humans"). Anyone with three or more Jewish grandparents was classified as a Jew. Prewar estimates for the latest year available (1937-1941). Copy no. Works by Jewish composers,[58] authors, and artists were excluded from publications, performances, and exhibitions. "[60], On 15 September 1935, the Reichstag passed the Reich Citizenship Law and the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor, known as the Nuremberg Laws. [179], The allies of Nazi Germany comprise the independent states that aligned themselves with the Reich. Some Ukrainians went to Poland to serve as guards in the camps. The rest of Poland was occupied by the Soviet Union, which invaded Poland from the east on 17 September 1939. [411] The police closed gay bars and shut down gay publications. [287], Although the Holocaust was planned and directed by Germans, the Nazi regime found willing collaborators in other countries (e.g. There is no single wartime document that spells out how many people were killed. By the outbreak of war in September 1939 however, according to some estimates, as many as 126,445 Jews had departed Austria. Once the invasion was underway, however, about 100,000 Jews fled Kyiv or were conscripted into the Red Army. [183] Romanian antisemitic legislation was not an attempt to placate the Germans, but rather entirely home-grown, preceding German hegemony and Nazi Germany itself. [309] By the time the SS had regained control, 451 members of the Sonderkommando were dead; 212 survived. 2 Between 1939 and 1941, Jews were systematically deprived of their property and their ability to work. [b] Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; [c] around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. 02/21/2021. (April 20, 2020 / JNS) Eighty-one years after the Holocaust, the global Jewish population is still short of the 16.6 million estimated to have been alive on the eve of the war in 1939, with Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics reporting ahead of Yom Hashoah that there were 14.7 million Jews worldwide at the end of 2018. We also dont know the precise number of Jews in any of these areas. [425], The government of Israel requested $1.5billion from the Federal Republic of Germany in March 1951 to finance the rehabilitation of 500,000 Jewish survivors, arguing that Germany had stolen $6billion from the European Jews. [53] On 1 April 1933, there was a boycott of Jewish businesses. In response, two-thirds say the Holocaust refers to the attempted annihilation of the Jewish people, or words to that effect, mentioning the mass murder of Jews. [341], The first major camp encountered by Allied troops, Majdanek, was discovered by the advancing Soviets, along with its gas chambers, on 25 July 1944. The new data is based on a survey of 10,971 U.S. adults conducted in February 2019. One-in-ten decline to answer the question. In both cases a relatively small portion out of a Jewish population of 37,000. Despite this, calculating the exact numbers of individuals who were killed as the result of Nazi policies is an impossible task. According to Timothy Snyder, "more Jews fought in the Warsaw Uprising of August 1944 than in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of April 1943. Between 15 May and early July 1944, 437,000 Jews were deported, mostly to Auschwitz, where most of them were murdered by gas; there were four transports a day, each carrying 3,000 people. Roughly one-in-five respondents do not answer any of the Holocaust knowledge questions correctly, mainly because they say they are not sure about the answers to the questions. In Lithuania, by contrast, the pogroms were carried out by organized Lithuanian paramilitaries. Adolf Hitler overseeing his. Counting victims is important for research and to understand the magnitude of the crimes. [396][397] Research cited by Ian Hancock suggests the pre-war Romani population of Europe may have been much higher, resulting in estimates of up to 1.5 million Roma deaths. According to Dan Stone the Holocaust was a pan-European phenomenon, a series of "Holocausts" impossible to conduct without local collaborators and Germany's allies. [371] While the long-term goal of Nazi Germany was removal of Jews from occupied Poland, in the initial months of occupation the SS predominantly directed physical violence towards ethnic Poles, arresting and executing educated elites in an attempt to prevent the development of organized resistance. According to Yitzhak Arad, this was the highest number of SS officers killed in a single revolt. [u] According to Browning, eight of the 15 had doctorates: "Thus it was not a dimwitted crowd unable to grasp what was going to be said to them. Jews, deemed "inferior," were considered an alien threat to the so-called German racial community. He said that Poles "were the greatest allies of the Jews, and if it had not been for the Poles, many Jews would have died, many more than were killed in the Holocaust." According to Yad Vashem, around 3.3 million Jews lived in Poland on the eve of the Sept. 1, 1939 German invasion, and only 380,000 survived the war. By contrast, the survey discussed in the 1993 AJC report was administered by interviewers in respondents homes. Companies such as BMW, Deutsche Bank, Ford, Opel, Siemens, and Volkswagen faced lawsuits for their use of forced labor during the war. [161], At first the Einsatzgruppen targeted the male Jewish intelligentsia, defined as male Jews aged 1560 who had worked for the state and in certain professions. [62] The second law said: "Marriages between Jews and subjects of the state of German or related blood are forbidden." After opposition from both the government and public, eight non-Finnish Jews were deported in late 1942; only one survived the war. "[216], On 7 December 1941, Japanese aircraft attacked Pearl Harbor, an American naval base in Honolulu, Hawaii, killing 2,403 Americans. [76] At least 90 Jews were murdered. Following Adolf Hitler's appointment as chancellor on 30 January 1933, the regime built a network of concentration camps in Germany for political opponents and those deemed "undesirable", starting with Dachau on 22 March 1933. [153], Einsatzgruppe A arrived in the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) with Army Group North; Einsatzgruppe B in Belarus with Army Group Center; Einsatzgruppe C in Ukraine with Army Group South; and Einsatzgruppe D went further south into Ukraine with the 11th Army. [392] The medical community regularly received bodies for research; for example, the University of Tbingen received 1,077 bodies from executions between 1933 and 1945. [185][186] Romania was the second country in Europe after Germany to enact antisemitic legislation, and the only one besides Germany to do so before the 1938 Anschluss. [155] Traveling with nine German Order Police battalions and three units of the Waffen-SS,[156] the Einsatzgruppen and their local collaborators had murdered almost 500,000 people by the winter of 19411942. [297] Polish and Jewish accounts stated that hundreds or thousands of Germans had been killed,[298] while the Germans reported 16 dead. The following chart shows the estimated number of Jews killed during the Holocaust by country. Read our research on: Congress | Economy | Trust in Media. [373] After Germany lost the war, the International Military Tribunal at the Nuremberg Trials and Poland's Supreme National Tribunal concluded that the aim of German policies in Poland the extermination of Poles and Jews was a genocide in biological terms. [9], The first recorded use of the term holocaust in its modern sense was made in 1895 by The New York Times to describe the massacre of Armenian Christians by Ottoman forces. [292] Raul Hilberg accounted for this by evoking the history of Jewish persecution: compliance might avoid inflaming the situation until the onslaught abated. [157], Notable massacres include the July 1941 Ponary massacre near Vilnius (Soviet Lithuania), in which Einsatgruppe B and Lithuanian collaborators shot at least 70,000 Jews, 20,000 Poles and 8,000 Russians. Antisemitic legislation in Romania was usually aimed at exploiting Jews rather than humiliating them as in Germany. Nearly three-in-ten Americans say they are not sure how many Jews died during the Holocaust, while one-in-ten overestimate the death toll, and 15% say that 3 million or fewer Jews were killed. EuroDocs. The rest of the country was divided into the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), an Italian-German puppet state whose territory comprised Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, with the Croatian fascist Ustae party placed in power; and German occupied Serbia, governed by German military and police administrators[131] who appointed the Serbian collaborationist puppet government, Government of National Salvation, headed by Milan Nedi. It was 6 million. TTY: 202.488.0406, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, Jewish Losses during the Holocaust: By Country, Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center, around 7 million (including 1.3 Soviet Jewish civilians, who are included in the 6 million figure for Jews), around 3 million (including about 50,000 Jewish soldiers), around 1.8 million (including between 50,000 and 100,000 members of the Polish elites), Serb civilians (on the territory of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina), People with disabilities living in institutions, Repeat criminal offenders and so-called asocials, German political opponents and resistance activists in Axis-occupied territory, hundreds, possibly thousands (possibly also counted in part under the 70,000 repeat criminal offenders and so-called asocials noted above), Auschwitz complex (including Birkenau, Monowitz, and subcamps), Shooting operations at various locations in central and southern German-occupied Poland (the Government General), Shooting operations in German-annexed western Poland (District Wartheland), Deaths in other facilities that the Germans designated as concentration camps, Shooting operations and gas wagons at hundreds of locations in the German-occupied Soviet Union, Shooting operations in the Soviet Union (German, Austrian, Czech Jews deported to the Soviet Union), Shooting operations and gas wagons in Serbia, Shot or tortured to death in Croatia under the Ustaa regime. [141], In the Bulgarian annexed zones of Macedonia and Thrace, upon demand of the German authorities, the Bulgarians handed over the entire Jewish population, about 12,000 Jews to the military authorities, all were deported. Because of this, few measures were taken against the Danish Jews before 1942. And 22 percent of millennials say they haven't even heard of the Holocaust. [377] At least 200,000 died in concentration camps, around 146,000 in Auschwitz. [40], Early antisemites in the Nazi Party included Dietrich Eckart, publisher of the Vlkischer Beobachter, the party's newspaper, and Alfred Rosenberg, who wrote antisemitic articles for it in the 1920s. [187][188] Romania was the only country other than Germany itself that "implemented all the steps of the destruction process, from definitions to killings. I will in principle proceed only on the assumption that they will disappear. [71], On 7 November 1938, Herschel Grynszpan, a Polish Jew, shot the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath in the German Embassy in Paris, in retaliation for the expulsion of his parents and siblings from Germany. [b] Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe;[c] around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. [38] The Nazi Party (the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or National Socialist German Workers' Party) originated as an offshoot of the vlkisch movement, and it adopted that movement's antisemitism. It deported 7,500 Jews in 1938 on its own initiative; introduced anti-Jewish measures in 1940; and by the autumn of 1942 had deported around 60,000 Jews to Poland. [286] The corpses700,000 in Treblinkawere burned on wood in open fire pits and the remaining bones crushed into powder. The study was conducted mostly among members of Pew Research Centers American Trends Panel (a nationally representative panel of randomly selected U.S. adults recruited from landline and cellphone random-digit-dial surveys and an address-based survey), supplemented by interviews with members of the Ipsos KnowledgePanel. We have an estimated 2.5 million Jews in the General Government, perhaps with the half-Jews and all that that entails some 3.5 million. In addition, as the Allies began to close in on Germany, the Nazis began to destroy their records. [130], Yugoslavia, home to 80,000 Jews, was dismembered; regions in the north were annexed by Germany and Hungary, regions along the coast were made part of Italy, Kosovo and western Macedonia were given to Albania, while Bulgaria received eastern Macedonia. The occupation of France, May 1940. According to Dan Stone, only nine survived the war. [436] At least 37 countries and the United Nations have similar observances. [192] Romania implemented anti-Jewish measures in May and June 1940 as part of its efforts towards an alliance with Germany. [410] In 1936, Himmler created the Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion. [285] Most of the victims at these three camps were buried in pits at first. Sunday, April 30th 2023, 9:45 PM EDT. [149], Typically, victims would undress and give up their valuables before lining up beside a ditch to be shot, or they would be forced to climb into the ditch, lie on a lower layer of corpses, and wait to be killed. By comparison, those who have never visited a Holocaust memorial or museum answer 2.0 questions right, on average. Groups of Jews were forced by the crowd to watch their synagogues burn; in Bensheim they were made to dance around it and in Laupheim to kneel before it. The 2019 Pew Research Center survey was administered online on the American Trends Panel, a nationally representative panel of randomly selected U.S. adults. [95], The Germans stipulated that each ghetto be led by a Judenrat of 24 male Jews, who would be responsible for carrying out German orders. Various factors combined to create a different reality than in the other countries under German occupation. [18] As non-Jewish groups began to include themselves as Holocaust victims, many Jews chose to use the Hebrew terms Shoah or Churban. Ninety percent of Austria's 176,000 Jews lived in Vienna. [343] On 17 January 1945, 58,000 Auschwitz inmates were sent on a death march westwards;[344] when the camp was liberated by the Soviets on 27 January, they found just 7,000 inmates in the three main camps and 500 in subcamps. "[395], Historians estimate that Germany and its allies killed between 250,000 and 500,000 Roma, around 2550 percent of the community in Europe. See also: Austria-Hungary, Hungary in World War I, Treaty of Trianon, and Kingdom of Hungary (1920-1946) In the 1941 census, the population of Hungary was 14,683,323. The two institutions also divided the occupied areas slightly differently. The latter two groups were to be sent to concentration camps for "re-education", with the aim of eventual absorption into the Volksgemeinschaft. [70] The vian Conference was held in France in July 1938 by 32 countries, to help German and Austrian Jewish refugees, but little was accomplished and most countries did not increase the number of refugees they would accept. By the end of World War II, in 1945, the Jewish population of Europe had shrunk to 3.8 million, or 35% of the world's 11 million Jews. Other groups were persecuted for political or ideological reasons, or on the basis of what the Nazi regime considered to be criminal behavior. Holocaust Memorial Museum and Yad Vashem. Liraz Lachmanovich. [105], During the German invasion, a wave of pogroms targeted Jews in the areas that had been annexed by the Soviet Union in 1939 and 1940. [266] The vans were also used in the occupied Soviet Union, for example in smaller clearing actions in the Minsk ghetto,[267] and in Yugoslavia. [72][i] When vom Rath died on 9 November, the synagogue and Jewish shops in Dessau were attacked. "[27], Roland Freisler (Ministry of Justice); Friedrich Wilhelm Kritzinger (Reich Cabinet); Alfred Meyer (Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories-German-occupied USSR); Georg Leibrandt (Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories); Martin Luther (Foreign Office); Wilhelm Stuckart (Ministry of the Interior); Erich Neumann (Office of Plenipotentiary for the Four-Year Plan), Josef Bhler (Office of the Government of the Governor General-German-occupied Poland); Gerhard Klopfer (Nazi Party Chancellery). And close to two-thirds know that Nazi-created ghettos were parts of a city or town where Jews were forced to live. [387], In October 1939 Hitler signed a "euthanasia decree" backdated to 1 September 1939 that authorized Reichsleiter Philipp Bouhler, the chief of Hitler's Chancellery, and Karl Brandt, Hitler's personal physician, to carry out a program of involuntary euthanasia. [334] On 19 March 1944, Hitler ordered the military occupation of Hungary and dispatched Adolf Eichmann to supervise the deportation of its Jews. Still, in the meantime, they would be concentrated in major cities ghettos to achieve, according to an order from Reinhard Heydrich dated 21 September 1939, "a better possibility of control and later deportation". [413][414][415] In some concentration camps brothels were established to punish lesbian women by raping them. By 1944 the Soviet death toll was at least 20million.[146]. "Racial" enemies could never belong to the Volksgemeinschaft; they were to be removed from society. [121] Vichy France's government implemented anti-Jewish measures in Metropolitan France, in French Algeria and in the two French Protectorates of Tunisia and Morocco. 1.32 Million Jews Were Killed in Just Three Months During the Holocaust. More than six million Jews were killed by the atrocious Nazi regime, along with . Instead, it was a question of "a process of increasingly radical interpretations of orders". [401] He adjusted the order on 15 November 1943 to allow "sedentary Gypsies and part-Gypsies" in the occupied Soviet areas to be viewed as citizens. As Germany marks 1,700 years of Jewish life, DW looks back at key . What follow are the current best estimates of civilians and captured soldiers killed by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. These are among the key findings of a survey conducted online Feb. 4 to 19, 2019, among 10,971 respondents. [87][j] Palestine was the only location to which any German resettlement plan produced results, via the Haavara Agreement between the Zionist Federation of Germany and the German government. So many died that the marches were stopped. [261], Chemno, with gas vans only, had its roots in the Aktion T4 euthanasia program. Between November 1933 and December 1939, the agreement resulted in the emigration of about 53,000 German Jews, who were allowed to transfer RM100million of their assets to Palestine by buying German goods, in violation of the Jewish-led anti-Nazi boycott of 1933. [39], After World War I (19141918), many Germans did not accept that their country had been defeated. "[232] Thirty copies of the minutes, the Wannsee Protocol, were made. Ethan J. Hollander, Springer, Oct 25, 2016. [197] Within the city of Odessa, Jews were segregated to ghettos where they were later deported en masse, with the majority dying from disease, hunger and murder. "[199] Romania set up concentration camps in Transnistria, reportedly extremely brutal, where 154,000170,000 Jews were deported from 1941 to 1943. [272] Almost all arrivals at Beec, Sobibr and Treblinka were sent directly to the gas chambers,[273] with individuals occasionally selected to replace dead workers. [83] Kristallnacht marked the end of any sort of public Jewish activity and culture, and Jews stepped up their efforts to leave the country. (+1) 202-419-4300 | Main When America declared war, he blamed the Jews.[218]. Later, all Poles will disappear from this world. [404], German communists, socialists and trade unionists were among the first to be sent to concentration camps. In December 1941, similar vans, using exhaust fumes rather than bottled gas, were introduced into the camp at Chemno,[247] Victims were asphyxiated while being driven to prepared burial pits in the nearby forests. The other approximately 200,000 people were predominantly made up of non-Jewish Poles, the mentally challenged,. There was discussion about whether to include the German Mischlinge (half-Jews). Washington, DC 20024-2126 In Berlin we were told "Why all this trouble? View the list of all donors. Those that remained in the city mostly included women, children, and the elderly. U.S. Jews are more likely than atheists and agnostics to know how many Jews were killed in the Holocaust. Under the coordination of the SS, with directions from the highest leadership of the Nazi Party, killings were committed within Germany itself, throughout occupied Europe, and within territories controlled by Germany's allies. German units conducted those operations with an ideologically driven and willful disregard for civilian life. [391] Overall, the number of mentally and physically disabled people murdered was about 150,000. [306] On 7 October 1944, 300 Jewish members, mostly Greek or Hungarian, of the Sonderkommando at Auschwitz learned they were about to be killed, and staged an uprising, blowing up crematorium IV. Film Reviews. The magnitude is clear. [124], The fall of France gave rise to the Madagascar Plan in the summer of 1940, when French Madagascar in Southeast Africa became the focus of discussions about deporting all European Jews there; it was thought that the area's harsh living conditions would hasten deaths. Overall, the average respondent correctly answers about half (2.2) of the four multiple-choice Holocaust knowledge questions. [100] In the ghettos and forced-labor camps, at least half a million died of starvation, disease, and poor living conditions. By contrast, more atheists and agnostics than Jews correctly answer the question about how Hitler became chancellor of Germany: Three-quarters of atheists (76%) and seven-in-ten agnostics know Hitler became chancellor through a democratic political process, compared with 57% of Jews. Approximately 304,000 Jews, emigrated during the first six years of the Nazi dictatorship. The evacuated Jews will first be sent, group by group, to so-called transit ghettos, from which they will be transported to the East. [137] During the same time as their persecution of Serbs and Roma, the Ustae took part in the Holocaust, and killed the majority of the country's Jews;[138] the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that 30,148 Jews were murdered. [289] Stone writes that "many European states, under the extreme circumstances of World War II, took upon themselves the task of solving the 'Jewish question' in their own way. ET. ", sfn error: no target: CITEREFStrous2007 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBauer1998 (, List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust, Adolf Hitler, antisemitism and the Holocaust, Anti-Jewish legislation in prewar Nazi Germany, Persecution of the Jews in Schleswig-Holstein (19331945), Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, Jewish refugees from German-occupied Europe in the United Kingdom, the pogroms were carried out by organized Lithuanian paramilitaries, The Fhrer to the German People: 22 June 1941, Collaboration in German-occupied Soviet Union, Reich Chancellery meeting of 12 December 1941, Germany declared war on the United States, Adolf Hitler's Declaration of War against the United States, Responsibility for the Holocaust Other states, Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe, German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war, Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring, Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany, Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany, Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion, Persecution of black people in Nazi Germany, Reparations Agreement between Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany, rehabilitation of 500,000 Jewish survivors, Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany, "Remembrance, Responsibility and Future" Foundation, "FAQ: How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust? [305] Around 300 inmates escaped (out of 600 in the main camp), but 100 were recaptured and shot. 16 was found by American prosecutors in March 1947 in a German Foreign Office folder. By the end of the war, they had killed around two million, including about 1.3million Jews and up to a quarter of a million Roma. [140] Nevenko Bartulin, however posits that of the total Jewish population of the NDH, only 100 Jews attained the legal status of Aryan citizens, 500 including their families. [198] In July 1941, Mihai Antonescu, Romania's deputy prime minister, said it was time for "total ethnic purification, for a revision of national life, and for purging our race of all those elements which are foreign to its soul, which have grown like mistletoes and darken our future. Though fragmentary, these sources provide essential figures from which to make calculations. On 15 March 1940, SS chief Heinrich Himmler stated: "All Polish specialists will be exploited in our military-industrial complex. By March 1941 all Jews had lost their jobs and had their property confiscated. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. In February 1941, non-Jewish Dutch citizens staged a strike in protest that was quickly crushed. The General Government must become just as free of Jews as the Reich.". [201] It annexed Thrace and Macedonia, and in February 1943 agreed to a demand from Germany that it deport 20,000 Jews to the Treblinka extermination camp. As the method of widespread execution was shooting rather than gas chamber, the Holocaust in the Soviet Union is sometimes referred to as the Holocaust by bullets. Michael Gray, a specialist in Holocaust education. [426][427], West Germany allocated another $125million for reparations in 1988. "Not much will remain of the Jews. During the era of the Holocaust, German authorities also targeted and killed other groups, including at times their children, because of their perceived racial and biological inferiority: Roma (Gypsies), Germans with disabilities, and some of the Slavic peoples (especially Poles and Russians). Similarly, an overwhelming majority of agnostics (87%), Jews (86%) and atheists (84%) know that ghettos were parts of a town or city where Jews were forced to live. [284] Between March 1942 and November 1943, around 1,526,500 Jews were murdered in these three camps in gas chambers using carbon monoxide from the exhaust fumes of stationary diesel engines. [118] From July 1942, over 107,000 Dutch Jews were deported; only 5,000 survived the war. On the eve of the Holocaust, Polish Jews made up some 10 percent of the young country's population and approximately one-third of the residents of the capital city, Warsaw. [336] Publication of the VrbaWetzler report halted Hungarian government cooperation with Jewish deportations for several months and sparked international interventions that saved tens of thousands of lives. [215] According to Stone, "the Holocaust in Slovakia was far more than a German project, even if it was carried out in the context of a 'puppet' state. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts. When asked to describe in their own words what the Holocaust was, more than eight-in-ten Americans mention the attempted annihilation of the Jewish people or other related topics, such as concentration or death camps, Hitler, or the Nazis.