caroline bowen phonological processes

AU - Bowen, Caroline. Bernthal, J., Bankson, N. W., & Flipsen, P., Jr. (2013). and the steady elimination of phonological processes (the child-like pronunciation patterns found in young children's speech). %PDF-1.6 % National Library of Medicine %PDF-1.3 She is also interested in developmental language disorder, the role of families in intervention, and evidence-based practice vs. pseudoscience (2017 book). The focus here is a detailed case description of a broad-based model for treat ing developmental phonological disorders. In Table 2 are the common Method: Children with hearing loss (CWHL, N = 25) were compared to children . Click the button below to complete our innovative therapist match survey. You do not have JavaScript Enabled on this browser. Required fields are marked *. A second aim was to compare phonological processes of HA and CI users. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Children with normal hearing; Cochlear implant; Hearing aid; Hearing loss; Phonological processes; Speech production. Int J Audiol. X~)"ZL6+9*dNXD7_rmY:l}]uIN(:Z{"Y%PCN Pre-vocalic voicing: pig = big 3;0; Word-final de-voicing: pig = pick 3;0 The site is made possible through the kindness of donors. Bowen, C. (1998). YZH5'R Keywords: leg = weg Are you interested in services for your child? The goal of this clinical tutorial is to provide coaching . I love taking a screenshot of this page and then redoing this after a stint of therapy to compare growth and progress. Several minimal . fricative and/or affricate is replaced with a stop sound. Speech samples obtained from a list of 88 words, derived from three standardized speech tests, were analyzed using the CASALA (Computer Aided Speech and Language Analysis) program to evaluate participants' phonological systems, based on lax (a process appeared at least twice in the speech of at least two children) and strict (a process appeared at least five times in the speech of at least two children) counting criteria. v4k4@{. New York, NY: Pearson. Fronting. {lM>QQ0sp`^m-0g|M=T`HF)s3rA4&qRZy9nzvt[m@7epY,,zH#+F?.d rp(TL@EYl7A \_)?EA,WU U55g6#Bjs|jNs55W j.j.e > the clinician summarises the child's phonological processes as percentages of . While a child's speech and language is developing, he or she may demonstrate one or more phonological processes, which are patterns of sound errors that young children . hWmO9+x*~P"/w{-Y]HR3v6 $ U=~33HfLZ3e0 5I"4sB2%c#;AA31J[Hxkiu Articulatory and phonological impairments. p: (312) 780-0820f: (877) 716-4799[emailprotected]. Great for complex speech, I use Notability to highlight what the child CAN say or do and use it as a visual way to show parents what I would expect for their age. Your email address will not be published. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association xYq--!@*csEuZ89x,;,G8*. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Every time I use my @bjoremsp, There is a whole world of different cues out there, Because three pages of tips in your other texts RE, This is what we do on the weekends! Its mission is to provide useful, theoretically sound, and where possible evidence-based information about the assessment and treatment of human communication disorders. This information will help to answer those questions and provides resources to share with parents and colleagues. TABLE 2: Phonological Processes in Typical Speech Development PHONOLOGICAL PROCESS EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION (Phonological Deviation) Context sensitive voicing "Pig" is pronounced and "big" A voiceless sound is replaced by a voiced sound. 4: Stopping: fricative and/or affricate is replaced with a stop sound: pun for fun; tee for see. Caroline Bowen Created Date: Stopping. Developmental and non-developmental phonological processes persist in the speech of children with mild to profound hearing loss compared to their peers with typical hearing. clean = keen SLPs are often asked questions regarding typical age of sound acquisition and development of language. The model's strength is in its combination of . However, a recent survey by Brumbaugh and Smit (2013) suggests that speech-language pathologists are not equally familiar with all evidence-based treatment alternatives, particularly the complexity approach. train = chain Results: doi: 10.3109/14992020309074628. string = sting, run = one % sound made in the back of the mouth (velar) is replaced with a sound made in the front of the mouth (e.g., alveolar) tar for car; date for gate. It looks like you haven't added any items to your cart yet. This phonological process should resolve by the time a child is 4 for words without /S/ and by age 5 for words with /S/. Members: 800-498-2071 The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Cite this article as: 3;0. Since 1998 www.speech-language-therapy.com has provided information and resources to Speech-Language Pathologists / Speech and Language Therapists, students, and consumers of SLP/SLT services worldwide. As children develop, they eventually stop using these processes and their speech begins to sound more and more like an adult, making them more understandable. Gliding is the term used to describe a phonological process that occurs when someone replaces specific consonant with "w" or "y". All pages are listed in the site map. Thanks for picking up, Ill email Bruce and see if hes aware. Phonological process Description Example Approximate age of elimination Cluster reduction When a consonant cluster is produced with only one consonant "truck" "tuck" "slide" "side" "brown" "bown" ~4 years; Including /s/, gone by 5 years Final consonant deletion When the last consonant of a word is omitted Abstract. SLPs are often asked questions regarding typical age of sound acquisition and development of language. Fitzpatrick EM, Olds J, Gaboury I, McCrae R, Schramm D, Durieux-Smith A. Cochlear Implants Int. Example. Below you will find descriptions of phonological processes (a pattern of sound error(s)) a typical child will use. Disclaimer. Okay, so I would expect that Emma would have stopped dropping the ends of her words off at approximately three to three-and-a-half- years of age. Our team will match your child with a speech therapist that specializes in phonological delays. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). bU(W=x(.~U"e}nag30] These 'errors' are called phonological processes, or phonological deviations. Here it is, Ill just click here, huh, wait for it to load There we go! official website and that any information you provide is encrypted She has a great list of references and information on how to implement the cycles approach. Epub 2022 Aug 29. My (eclectic) Mastodon handle is https://nerdculture.de/web/@speechwoman, My Mastodon handle for #SLP/#SLT discussion (mainly) is https://lingo.lol/@CarolineBowen, policy on questions from SLPs/SLTs on child speech assessment and intervention. GONE BY APPROXIMATELY. Comparison of outcomes in children with hearing aids and cochlear implants. Successful treatment comprising 27 consultations over 17 months, of a girl aged 4;4 at the outset . stream Erin Vollmer is a speech language pathologist and co-founder of TherapyWorks, she has been practicing in pediatrics for over 20 years. Members: 800-498-2071 The findings indicate that it is important for clinicians to consider phonological assessment in pre-school CWHL and the use of evidence-based speech therapy in order to reduce non-developmental and non-age-appropriate developmental processes, thereby enhancing their speech intelligibility. Doctoral dissertation, Macquarie University. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association doi: 10.1080/14992027.2017.1300694. But I made some New Years iPad Resolutionsto be more efficient and am just loving having my favourite charts and checklists at immediate access. Phonological abilities of hearing-impaired Cantonese-speaking children with cochlear implants or hearing AIDS. If you would like to discuss your childs specific speech sound patterns and receive recommendations. Speech Language Milestone Chart from Pro-Ed, Inc. Natural phonology. Copyright 1996 Caroline Bowen www.speechlanguagetherapy.com NAMEAGE..DATE . Home Blog Speech and Language Facts Phonological Processes Elimination of Phonological Processes. '. Enter your email below to receive our monthly newsletter. If children continue to use these processes beyond the age when most typically developing children have stopped using them, they may be exhibiting a. FOIA doo for zoo; berry for very Melbourne: ACER Press. 4 0 obj Alright, Final consonant deletion elimination. The child's speech maturation (readiness) may be severely delayed; 3. Speech and Language Developmental Milestones from NIDCD. A second aim was to compare phonological processes of HA and CI users. The site is secure. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Children with hearing loss (CWHL, N = 25) were compared to children with normal hearing (CWNH, N = 30) with similar age, gender, linguistic, and socioeconomic backgrounds. I use V, Do you ever work with children who get fidgety sit, Im going to admit something here: JuD2mb! #l3S5whrXqh4SBiF=/Xf@zwuvr{!$*aE2hZwHnMP%4vXZp!B:]xi8HrG^B?$,CQT!-ejiHQz|~j`ln#rW0u,HX33ga:MAODCA>o[o4 Developmental phonological disorders. Purpose: Bowen, C. 1996: Evaluation of a phonological therapy with treated and untreated groups of young children. Oh! )pI=(+ByY4W^%2 q\:_w62=uIsp0G6O!J4B7{ A. simplify speech as they are learning to talk. Elimination of Phonological Processes in Typical Development. J Speech Lang Hear Res. Have you ever, HOW I STORE MY MINIMAL PAIR CUES Phonological processes in the speech of school-age children with hearing loss: Comparisons with children with normal hearing. 3->Of.On%9,Jm4"|=M nrlw| Audiogram of Familiar Sounds: There are a lot of parent friendly charts that plot thefrequency, hearing level and speech sounds on one easy page. By 48 months . government site. That was exhausting just typing the monologue that used to happen to me just so that I could find the chart that I needed to reference an age of acquisition. New York, NY: Pearson. and transmitted securely. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. insert the date that you retrieved the file here. Final consonant deletion, weak syllable deletion, backing, and glottal replacement were present in the speech of HA users, affecting their overall speech intelligibility. 2200 Research Blvd., Rockville, MD 20850 Please enable it in order to use the full functionality of our website. Process. The Playing with Words 365 chart (featured) is fab as I like how the phonological processes are broken down into different types of processes (such as substitution, syllable structures etc.) 2. Vowel intelligibility in children with cochlear implants: An acoustic and articulatory study. Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Phonological processes are typically gone by these ages (in years ; months) PHONOLOGICAL PROCESS. Table 3Elimination of Phonological Processes in Typical Development. Epub 2017 Mar 15. Phonological Processes COPYRIGHT 1999 CAROLINE BOWEN All children make predictable pronunciation errors (not really 'errors' at all, when you stop to think about it) when they are learning to talk like adults. 2017 Oct;101:87-96. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2017.07.022. A tested phonological therapy in practice Caroline Bowen Macquarie University and L. Cupples Macquarie University Abstract The focus here is a detailed case description of a broad-based model for treat - ing developmental phonological disorders. If children continue to use these processes beyond the age when most typically developing children have stopped using them, they may be exhibiting aphonological disorder, which may require speech therapy. This information will help to answer those questions and provides resources to share with parents and colleagues. Lyxell B, Andersson U, Borg E, Ohlsson IS. J Child Lang. friend = pwend (H00Td`z3 0 endstream endobj 169 0 obj <> endobj 170 0 obj <> endobj 171 0 obj <>stream . The content reflects the professional, clinical and teaching activities and small body of research ( ORCiD) of the site owner, Caroline Bowen . The child finds the sound patterns of language totally confusing and cannot make out sound details form the overall pattern of sounds in language. Grunwell, P. (1997). Pre-vocalic voicing. Founded by Michelle Worth and Erin Vollmer, TherapyWorks provides speech, occupational and physical therapies in-home and via teletherapy. Speech perception in Mandarin-speaking children with cochlear implants: A systematic review. The articulation carryover idea kids will be begging to do! Process Description Example Likely Age of Elimination** Fronting: sound made in the back of the mouth (velar) is replaced with a sound made in the front of the mouth (e.g., alveolar) tar for car; date for gate. While a childs speech and language is developing, he or she may demonstrate one or morephonological processes, which are patterns of sound errors that young children use to simplify adult speech as they are learning to talk. phonological processes, which are patterns of sound errors that young children use to simplify adult speech as they are learning to talk. Erin Vollmer is a speech language pathologist and co-founder of TherapyWorks, she has been practicing in pediatrics for over 20 years. Typical Speech Development: This is the #1 most used reference on my iPad and its by an amazing Australian researcher, Dr Sharynne McLeod. a phonological disorder occurs when phonological processes persist beyond the age when most typically developing children have stopped using You do not have JavaScript Enabled on this browser. I encourage SLPs to feel more confident treating speech sound disorders, and make faster progress with their students. Before I share what I have lets think storage. I have shown these to my kids before to try to get them to understand where their tongue placement should be and its been a big hit I secretly would love to blow these up! Y1 - 2006/9. Developmental Norms for Speech and Language. Auditory Experience, Speech Sound Production Growth, and Early Literacy in Children Who Are Hard of Hearing. 2017;56(sup2):S7-S16. 2006 Dec;49(6):1342-53. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2006/096). Caroline Bowen Learning to talk intelligibly should be child's play, but for the 7% of children experiencing Speech Sound Disorders (SSD) it is a difficult process requiring the specialised help of . The .gov means its official. In this descriptive study, phonological processes were examined in the speech of children aged 5;0-7;6 (years; months) with mild to profound hearing loss using hearing aids (HAs) and cochlear implants (CIs), in comparison to their peers. The processes evident in Jarrod's speech output at 7;0 are velar fronting syllable initial (SI) 25% and syllable final (SF) 25%, prevocalic voicing 57%, gliding of liquids 50%, glottal . Elimination of Phonological Processes: I use two tables for different. Phonological processes in the speech of school-age children with heari. Download the free version that I use from the John Tracy Clinic or just search on Google images audiogram for speech and take your pic. Accessibility There are different types such as replacement with liquids or fricatives but let's talk about liquids, /l/ and /r/ with replacements by /w/ or /y/. Conclusions: She retired from clinical practice in 2011, maintaining her interests in presenting CPD and writing about children's speech sound disorders (2015 book). You know Mary, I didnt even read that! rH[kG6cs9%BY@h (#r Description. There is an extra layer of analysis for me and it's so quick to circle . leg = yeg. N2 - PACT (parents and children together) is a broad-based intervention approach for children with phonological impairment, which involves the participation of caregivers in therapy. "%eR) 1)hCOW!I@)%Lecklsi 3P,c)%bZag)5Zhh5 l,!%cdkEL($DED)RK=f. PMC Phew! 1997- American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Articulation and phonological disorders. Comment * document.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "a9f43740e52d9de2a8f75c32a68cc175" );document.getElementById("e1e67a0ce7").setAttribute( "id", "comment" ); Hi, I'm Rebecca. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Resources listed in this packet are not all-inclusive nor exhaustive. Bookshelf 10 phonological processes were selected based on the literature. In M. Ball & R. Kent (Eds. ), The new phonologies: Developments in clinical linguistics. Caroline Bowen PhD CPSP. Turgeon C, Trudeau-Fisette P, Fitzpatrick E, Mnard L. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. CWHL showed a similar trend of age of elimination to CWNH, but at a slower rate. Initial Consonant Deletion . . . One sound is substituted for another sound in a systematic way. Final Consonant Deletion is the deletion of a final consonant sound in a word (e.g. Would you like email updates of new search results? Caroline Bowen; Purpose: In this descriptive study, phonological processes were examined in the speech of children aged 5;0-7;6 (years; months) with mild to profound hearing loss using hearing . 8600 Rockville Pike This is a must-have reference, particularly when working with younger kids who have ear infections or hearing loss I pull up this chart and see if I can find any correlation between the type of articulation errors and their hearing loss. pig = big. A practical guide for families and teachers. . This is a collective resource of norms and milestones for speech-language development. Since 1998 www.speech-language-therapy.com has provided information and resources to Speech-Language Pathologists / Speech and Language Therapists, students, and consumers of SLP/SLT services worldwide. hbbd``b`6@`@8$Ab3A nHpMWJ b$d%@,Og` endstream endobj startxref 0 %%EOF 233 0 obj <>stream Table 2: Phonological Processes in Typical Speech Development - Caroline Bowen 6/15/11 10:20 PM HOME SITE MAP START PAGE ABOUT DISCLAIMER PRIVACY CONTENTS LINKS EMAIL COPYRIGHT Phonological Processes COPYRIGHT 1999 CAROLINE BOWEN All children make predictable pronunciation errors (not really 'errors' at all, when you stop to think about it) when they are learning to talk like adults. Articulation Visuals: These visuals from Bruce Myhre are just what I need sometimes when Im trying to figure out how to choose the right vowel for the right consonant or understand what is going on in my students mouths. This takes the agony out of deciding which set of speech norms you reference as they are all compiled together and references TONS much information including: DDK rates, consonant sounds acquired, consonant clusters acquired, vowels, intelligibility, phonetic inventory and present/declining phonological processes to expect and phonological awareness. 168 0 obj <> endobj 185 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<51E3A29842F747228926406AF327A7EC>]/Index[168 66]/Info 167 0 R/Length 89/Prev 192207/Root 169 0 R/Size 234/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream hb```a``Z"5/12 P9603s}|!3$cRlj2pttvtt4pPG\120~T @, Non-Member: 800-638-8255, Site Help | AZ Topic Index | Privacy Statement | Terms of Use Speech-Language Pathologist Honorary Associate in Linguistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia Honorary Research Fellow, School of Health Sciences, Speech-Language Pathology, University Of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa . The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) is the national professional, scientific, and credentialing association for 228,000 members and affiliates who are audiologists; speech-language pathologists; speech, language, and hearing scientists; audiology and speech-language pathology support personnel; and students. (2012). ggI8\|BI;xD;vW9q\|EBp2(3!1bCst x2Z'}'/C Careers. T2 - parents and children together in phonological therapy. Elimination of Phonological Processes: I use two tables for different. The site's intended audience is families and others close to children with voice, speech, language, literacy, and fluency difficulties, and people working in the field of communication sciences and disorders. Your email address will not be published. Minimal pairs is a fantastic approach because it o, For all those SLPs who are confused, overwhelmed o, SHOUTOUT time! Epub 2017 Jul 21. Look for phonological processes to target. Follow my Pinterest board Checklists & Charts for SLPs for the whole collection and happy downloading, uploading and getting visual with speech. Table 2.4 Common phonological processes and their approximate ages of elimination in typical acquisition (Grunwell, 1987) Adult target vs. child's realisations Phonological process (phonological deviation) Adult Child Description Approximate age of . Once you have a good amount of data, start looking for phonological processes in the child's speech. Volume 14, Issue 1. . I was too busy staring at the colours and the mouth which is how I use it. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. EXAMPLE. Wait a minute, Ill just look that up and tell yooooou sorry, I just need to find where I put it. An official website of the United States government. Method: Farquharson K, Oleson J, McCreery RW, Walker EA. Epub 2021 Apr 21. Developmental phonological processes were eliminated in the speech of younger and older CWNH while eleven developmental phonological processes persisted in the speech of both age groups of CWHL. As children develop, they eventually stop using these processes and their speech begins to sound more and more like an adult, making them more understandable. The content reflects the professional, clinical and teaching activities and small body of research (ORCiD) of the site owner, Caroline Bowen. Please read the policy on questions from SLPs/SLTs on child speech assessment and intervention. If you would like to discuss your childs specific speech sound patterns and receive recommendations, schedule a free phone consultation with a TherapyWorks speech therapist. Int J Audiol. Caroline Bowen and L. Cupples View all authors and affiliations. Caroline Bowen (2015) 'Common', 'Best' and Evidence-Based Practice Children's Speech Sound Disorders 10.1002/9781119180418.ch5. Correspondence: Caroline Bowen, PhD, Speech Pathology Practice, 9 Hillcrest Road, Wentworth Falls, NSW 2782, . HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Now, you may ask, How do I know if what my child is saying is considered normal for his or her age? Below is a chart containing the ages at which the most common phonological processes should be suppressed. ThePlaying with Words 365 chart(featured) is fab as I like how the phonological processes are broken down into different types of processes (such as substitution, syllable structures etc.) There is an extra layer of analysis for me and its so quick to circle and highlight what a child is doing. Purpose There are a number of evidence-based treatments for preschool children with phonological disorders (Baker & McLeod, 2011). Non-Member: 800-638-8255, Site Help | AZ Topic Index | Privacy Statement | Terms of Use 2003 Jul;42 Suppl 1:S86-9. Table 3: Elimination of Phonological Processes. On Notability I can check the boxes and email to myself/save as a PDF so its great for on the go. Elimination of Phonological Processes. 1. 2022 Sep 7;31(5):2092-2107. doi: 10.1044/2022_AJSLP-21-00400. AU - Cupples, L. PY - 2006/9. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, non-velar sound changes to a velar sound due to the presence of a neighboring velar sound, non-nasal sound changes to a nasal sound due to the presence of a neighboring nasal sound, sound made in the back of the mouth (velar) is replaced with a sound made in the front of the mouth (e.g., alveolar), fricative and/or affricate is replaced with a stop sound, liquid (/r/, /l/) is replaced with a glide (/w/, /j/), consonant cluster is simplified into a single consonant, unstressed or weak syllable in a word is deleted, deletion of the final consonant of a word. This includes an example, and the approximate age (years;months) at which these processes will stop being used. Bowen, Caroline, (2011). I rarely pro, Comment below with the type of substitution that y. Areej Nimer Asad, Suzanne C. Purdy, . Ready to begin the speech therapy proces? We can expect this sounds pattern to resolve by the age of 3. If you want to draw on PDFs and highlight things, Notability has had me covered for the last 6 years. The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) is the national professional, scientific, and credentialing association for 228,000 members and affiliates who are audiologists; speech-language pathologists; speech, language, and hearing scientists; audiology and speech-language pathology support personnel; and students. Bowen, C. (2011). #|Y=).*={O/*=>/hnwgE9nXf]y4CO60/]:S2G8$Oa .0F%D#ewQezoF%!z@^4G\P"x$jLe. Table 2: Phonological Processes in Typical Speech Development - Caroline Bowen, http://www.speech-language-therapy.com/Table2.htm, Sound Production T 'Thick' D 'The' S 'Sh' Z 'Azure' Ts 'Ch' Dz 'J' N 'Thing, SH Series C Compiler USER's MANUAL HITACHI, S H U\ a Executed on by DATE S1GN;^URE of ELECTED OFFICER OR CPUC MEMBER, Digraph Sh Whiteboard Activities See Instructional Routines, Pages 2932, for Additional Lesson Details and Support, Sh(X) = B) La Fonction Cosinus Hyperbolique : Ch(X), The Latin Alphabet Page 1 of 58 the Latin Alphabet, Speech Sound Programme for 'Sh' at the Start of Words, SH Series Superheat Traps Bimetallic Steam Traps for Superheat Conditions for Pressures to 1,800 Psig (124 Bar)Cold Water Capacities to 6,500 Lb/Hr (2,950 Kg/Hr), Caddy Air Systems SH-C Series Operation and Maintenance Manual, Alphabet Transition in Uzbekistan: Political Implications and Influences on Uzbek Identity, Fun Fonix Book 2: Consonant Diagraphs: Ck, Ng, Sh, Ch, High Frequency Word Lists for K, G, F, V, L, SH, CH, J, TH, R and S, SH-1500 Series Superheat Traps Bimetallic Steam Traps for Superheat Conditions, Transliteration and Latinization of Greek Words 1, Sample Lesson for Teaching the Consonant Digraph for /Sh, Left Or Right Seat Oil Rubbed Bronze Grab Bars Cessories, Proposal to Encode Two Latin Letters for Janalif 2010-09-24 Page 1 of 9 2, High Frequency Word Lists for K, G, F, V, L, SH, CH, J, TH, R, S and Z, Phonological Processes in Typical Speech Development - Caroline Bowen 6/15/11 10:20 PM, The Phonological Representation of /S/ Versus /Sh/ in Japanese, Consonant Digraph Sh Consonant Digraph Sh, SH-4000 Series Bimetallic Steam Traps All Stainless Steel for Pressures to 86 Bar Cold Water Start-Up Capacities to 2 722 Kg/H, 85 Riverfront Parking Shuttle R Iverfro N T P Arking Sh U Ttle Via Pete R O Se W Ay, G 6096 SH 1S Showers 4 Threshold OPEN TOP GELCOAT Handed by Seat L/R White Polyester Gelcoat Finish OR SOLID SURFACE, Measurement Invariance of the Flourishing Scale Among a Large Sample of Canadian Adolescents, Evolution of Ancient Alphabet to Modern Greek, Latin and Cyrillic Alphabets and Transcription Between Them, Discrimination Between Arabic and Latin from Bilingual Documents, Spectroscopy of SH (A--X) Transition in Ar and Kr Matrices: the Caging of Predissociation, Flourishing During the Teen Years: Why Not Being Bad IsnT Good Enough, Flourishing in Young Adults: the Role of Achievement Goals, Participation Motivation, and Self-Perception Levels in Physical Activity Contexts.

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